Is Clinical Nutrition in Demand? 2026 Outlook & Career Guide
Clinical nutrition demand is rising as healthcare systems focus more on chronic disease prevention, healthy aging, and personalized care. For anyone considering a career, the practical question is not only whether jobs exist, but where they are, what they pay, and what credentials employers expect. This guide explains the current outlook for clinical dietitians and nutritionists, including employment growth, salary ranges, education and licensure pathways, work settings, specializations, and the challenges that come with the field. It also separates established workforce data from emerging trends so you can make a balanced, informed decision.
What Is Clinical Nutrition?
Clinical nutrition is a healthcare discipline that uses food, nutrients, and evidence-based nutrition interventions to support health, prevent disease where possible, and help manage existing medical conditions. In clinical settings, this work is typically delivered through medical nutrition therapy, a structured approach that includes nutrition assessment, individualized intervention, monitoring, and follow-up.
Clinical nutrition is not simply general healthy-eating advice. A clinical dietitian or qualified nutrition professional considers a person’s medical history, medications, laboratory results, symptoms, cultural preferences, access to food, and treatment goals. They may work alongside physicians, nurses, pharmacists, speech-language pathologists, and other clinicians to support conditions such as diabetes, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, food allergies, malnutrition, and obesity.
The term clinical nutrition is often used in hospitals and outpatient clinics, but the same knowledge base is also relevant in long-term care, home health, public health, research, and telehealth. The field sits at the intersection of biology, behavior, food systems, and healthcare delivery.
Clinical Nutrition vs. General Nutrition Advice
General nutrition advice tends to focus on broad principles: eating more vegetables, choosing whole grains, limiting added sugars, and maintaining a healthy weight. Clinical nutrition is more individualized and more closely tied to medical care. It may involve specific protein targets for a person with kidney disease, carbohydrate counting for diabetes, texture-modified diets for swallowing difficulty, or nutrition support for someone who cannot meet needs through food alone.
That distinction matters for readers comparing careers. A person who enjoys sharing general wellness information may find that clinical nutrition requires additional scientific depth, clinical judgment, documentation skills, and comfort working within medical teams. It also requires clear boundaries: clinical nutrition professionals do not diagnose medical conditions, and they do not replace physicians or other licensed clinicians.
The Role of Clinical Dietitians and Nutritionists
A registered dietitian nutritionist, often abbreviated as RDN or RD, is a credentialed nutrition professional who has completed specific education, supervised practice, and a national examination. RDNs are often the professionals hired for clinical nutrition roles because their training includes medical nutrition therapy, food service systems, research, and supervised clinical experience.
Discover the Microbiome Test
ISO-certified EU lab • Sample stays stable during shipping • GDPR-secure data
The title “nutritionist” is less standardized. In some states, it is protected and requires licensure or certification; in others, it may be used more broadly. For clinical positions in hospitals, dialysis centers, or skilled nursing facilities, employers commonly require the RD credential. Readers exploring the field should check their state’s licensure rules and look carefully at job descriptions rather than assuming that all nutrition titles mean the same thing.
Is Clinical Nutrition in Demand? Current Job Outlook
Yes, clinical nutrition demand is generally positive, especially for credentialed professionals who can work in healthcare settings. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects that employment of dietitians and nutritionists will grow by 7% from 2022 to 2032, which is faster than the average for all occupations. The BLS also projects about 5,600 openings for dietitians and nutritionists each year over that decade.
That national figure does not mean every community has the same hiring conditions. Demand for clinical nutritionists varies by region, healthcare setting, payer mix, and the availability of qualified applicants. Still, the overall clinical nutrition career outlook is supported by several durable trends: an aging population, high rates of chronic disease, growing emphasis on preventive care, expansion of outpatient and telehealth services, and greater public awareness of the relationship between diet and health.
For readers asking “Is clinical nutrition a good career?”, the answer is often yes for people who value healthcare, counseling, science, and direct patient contact. It is also a career that rewards credentials, communication skills, and adaptability. Clinical dietitian job prospects are strongest for those who complete the required education and supervised practice, obtain the RD credential, and build experience in high-need areas such as renal nutrition, oncology nutrition, diabetes care, geriatric nutrition, and nutrition support.
| Work setting | Demand signal | What it means for job seekers |
|---|---|---|
| Hospitals and acute care | Steady demand for inpatient nutrition assessment, nutrition support, and chronic disease management | Clinical skills, medical teamwork, and ability to manage complex cases are important |
| Long-term care and skilled nursing | Growing need as the older adult population increases | Opportunities in malnutrition care, wound healing, diabetes, and renal diets |
| Outpatient clinics and physician practices | Rising focus on diabetes, cardiovascular risk, weight management, and digestive health | Counseling skills and experience with behavior change are valuable |
| Home health and telehealth | Expanding access to nutrition care beyond traditional clinics | Flexibility, digital communication, and licensure awareness matter |
| Dialysis and specialty care | Ongoing need for renal, oncology, and other specialized nutrition support | Specialty certifications and experience can improve competitiveness |
One limitation of national projections is that they cannot capture local hiring conditions. A large hospital system may have multiple openings, while a rural area may struggle to recruit qualified dietitians. Some regions offer more jobs but higher living costs; others offer less competition but fewer specialty roles. For that reason, it helps to review job postings in the areas where you intend to live and work.
Why Is Clinical Nutrition in Demand? Key Drivers
Clinical nutrition demand is not driven by a single factor. It reflects changes in population health, healthcare delivery, technology, and public expectations. Understanding these drivers can help career planners identify where opportunities are likely to grow and which skills will remain valuable.
View example recommendations from the InnerBuddies platform
Preview the nutrition, supplement, food diary and food recipe platform recommendations that InnerBuddies can generate based on your gut microbiome test
Chronic Disease and Preventive Care
Chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, and obesity place a substantial burden on healthcare systems. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that about 6 in 10 U.S. adults have a chronic disease and about 4 in 10 have two or more. Nutrition is one of the modifiable factors that can influence risk and management, although it is never the only factor and never a guarantee.
Medical nutrition therapy can help people manage conditions, improve quality of life, and reduce the need for some medications in certain contexts. It does not replace medical treatment, and outcomes vary by person. Still, as healthcare systems emphasize preventive care and value-based approaches, nutrition services are increasingly viewed as part of comprehensive chronic disease management.
Aging Population and Long-Term Care
Older adults often have multiple chronic conditions, changes in appetite, dental or swallowing difficulties, and higher risk of malnutrition. They may also need support with diabetes, kidney disease, wound healing, and recovery after hospitalization. As the population ages, demand grows for nutrition professionals in skilled nursing facilities, rehabilitation centers, home health, and community programs.
Geriatric nutrition requires more than calculating calorie needs. It involves understanding medication interactions, social isolation, food access, muscle loss, hydration, and goals of care. This complexity makes clinical judgment and communication especially important.
Healthcare Cost Pressure and Value-Based Care
Healthcare payers and employers are increasingly interested in interventions that may improve outcomes and reduce avoidable costs. Nutrition counseling can support chronic disease self-management, but reimbursement and access remain uneven. The growth of value-based care creates opportunities for dietitians who can document outcomes, work within care teams, and demonstrate the practical value of nutrition services.
Telehealth and Expanded Access
Telehealth has expanded access to nutrition care for people in rural areas, those with mobility challenges, and patients who prefer remote appointments. It has also created new work arrangements for dietitians, including remote counseling, virtual diabetes programs, and telehealth roles with insurance plans or digital health companies.
Telehealth does not remove the need for clinical judgment. Professionals must understand licensure requirements across states, privacy rules, documentation standards, and how to assess patients remotely. Even so, digital care is a meaningful driver of clinical nutrition demand and a skill area worth developing.
Personalized Nutrition and Emerging Science
Personalized nutrition is an evolving area that considers individual biology, lifestyle, preferences, and environment. Researchers are studying how factors such as genetics, the gut microbiome, and metabolic responses may influence how people respond to different foods. The evidence is still developing, and no single test can fully explain a person’s health or dictate treatment.
Some people use educational tools such as a gut microbiome test to learn about their gut ecosystem and discuss general diet-gut interactions. Such tools can provide insight, but they are not diagnostic and should not replace evaluation by a qualified clinician. For nutrition professionals, the rise of personalized approaches reinforces the need to interpret emerging science carefully rather than overstate certainty.
Public Health and Nutrition Misinformation
The internet has made nutrition information abundant, but not always accurate. Misinformation can affect eating behaviors, supplement use, and trust in healthcare. Credentialed nutrition professionals are needed to translate evidence, correct misconceptions, and help people make realistic choices. This is particularly important in public health nutrition, where community programs address food insecurity, maternal and child health, and chronic disease prevention.
Salary and Compensation: What Can You Earn?
Salary is one of the most common questions about clinical nutrition careers. The BLS reported a median annual wage of $69,680 for dietitians and nutritionists in May 2022. Median means half earned more and half earned less, so it is a useful anchor rather than a guarantee. Entry-level salaries are often lower, while experienced specialists, managers, and private practitioners may earn more.
Several factors influence clinical nutritionist salary: geographic location, years of experience, credential type, work setting, specialization, union status, and whether the role includes management or business development. Cost of living also matters. A salary that feels high in one city may be modest in another.
| Role or setting | Typical U.S. salary range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Entry-level clinical dietitian | Approximately $60,000–$75,000 | Varies with region and setting; hospital roles may include shift or weekend differentials |
| Experienced hospital dietitian | Approximately $70,000–$90,000 | Experience with nutrition support, critical care, or specialty units can help |
| Long-term care dietitian | Approximately $65,000–$90,000 | Demand tied to older adult care; travel or consultant roles may differ |
| Outpatient clinic dietitian | Approximately $65,000–$90,000 | Counseling-heavy roles; bilingual skills and chronic disease experience may add value |
| Renal or oncology specialist | Approximately $70,000–$100,000+ | Specialty certification and experience can increase earning potential |
| Clinical nutrition manager | Approximately $85,000–$120,000+ | Leadership, budgeting, staffing, and quality improvement responsibilities |
| Private practice or consulting | Highly variable | Income depends on caseload, insurance contracts, overhead, and business skills |
These ranges are broad estimates, not promises. They are intended to show relative differences between settings rather than precise pay scales. Salary data for self-employed dietitians can be especially difficult to compare because gross revenue is not the same as take-home income.
2-minute self-check Is a gut microbiome test useful for you? Answer a few quick questions and find out if a microbiome test is actually useful for you. ✔ Takes 2 minutes ✔ Based on your symptoms & lifestyle ✔ Clear yes/no recommendation Check if a test is right for me →Can You Make $100,000 as a Dietitian?
Yes, it is possible, but it is not typical for entry-level clinical positions. Dietitians who earn above $100,000 often do so through specialization, management, private practice, consulting, digital health roles, or working in higher-paying regions. Examples may include renal dietitians with advanced certifications, clinical nutrition managers, oncology specialists, diabetes care professionals, and business owners with strong referral networks.
Higher income usually requires more than a credential. It often requires experience, negotiation skills, documented outcomes, and a willingness to take on leadership or business responsibilities. Some dietitians combine part-time clinical work with consulting, writing, speaking, or telehealth services. Others pursue advanced degrees or certifications to qualify for specialized roles.
Educational Pathways and Licensure
Becoming a clinical dietitian requires a specific sequence of education, supervised practice, examination, and often state licensure. The path is competitive, so planning early matters. Requirements can change, and readers should verify current details with the Commission on Dietetic Registration, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, and their state licensing board.
Step 1: Complete a Relevant Degree
A common pathway is a bachelor’s degree in dietetics, nutrition, or a related field from an accredited program. However, beginning January 1, 2024, the Commission on Dietetic Registration requires a master’s degree to be eligible for the registered dietitian examination. This means aspiring RDNs should plan for graduate education in addition to supervised practice.
Students should look for programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Education in Nutrition and Dietetics, often called ACEND. Coursework typically includes biology, chemistry, biochemistry, human physiology, nutrition science, medical nutrition therapy, food service systems, and research methods.
Step 2: Complete Supervised Practice
Supervised practice gives students real-world experience in clinical settings, community nutrition, food service management, and other areas. It may be completed through a dietetic internship, coordinated program, or supervised experiential learning pathway. Internships can be competitive, so applicants often strengthen their applications with volunteer work, healthcare experience, research, and strong academic records.
Step 3: Pass the National Examination
After completing eligibility requirements, candidates take the registration examination for dietitians administered by the Commission on Dietetic Registration. Passing the exam allows use of the registered dietitian nutritionist credential, depending on state rules and credential maintenance requirements.
Step 4: Meet State Licensure Requirements
Licensure varies by state. Some states require dietitians to be licensed to practice or to use certain titles; others have certification or title protection laws. A professional may need to complete continuing education, renew credentials, and follow state-specific scope-of-practice rules. Because rules change, always check the current requirements for the state where you plan to work.
Alternative and Advanced Pathways
Not everyone who works in nutrition becomes an RD. Some pursue public health nutrition, community education, research, food policy, or wellness roles. These paths can be valuable, but they may have different scopes of practice and may not qualify for clinical positions that require the RD credential. Advanced degrees in nutrition science, public health, business, or education can support leadership, research, or specialized practice.
Where Do Clinical Nutrition Professionals Work?
Clinical nutrition professionals work in a wider range of settings than many people realize. The common thread is the use of nutrition science to support health, recovery, or disease management. The setting influences the pace, level of acuity, documentation demands, and amount of patient contact.
- Hospitals and acute care: Inpatient dietitians assess malnutrition risk, recommend nutrition support, monitor tube feeding or intravenous nutrition, and counsel patients before discharge.
- Outpatient clinics and physician practices: Dietitians provide medical nutrition therapy for diabetes, heart disease, digestive disorders, weight management, food allergies, and other conditions.
- Long-term care and skilled nursing: Professionals support older adults with chronic disease, wound healing, swallowing difficulties, and malnutrition prevention.
- Dialysis centers: Renal dietitians help patients manage protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, and fluid intake within complex medical regimens.
- Home health and telehealth: Remote and in-home services expand access for people with limited mobility, transportation barriers, or busy schedules.
- Public health and community programs: Nutrition professionals work in maternal and child health, food assistance programs, school wellness, and chronic disease prevention.
- Private practice and consulting: Some dietitians build their own practices, work with corporations, or consult for food and wellness organizations.
- Research and education: Academic and research roles advance nutrition science and train the next workforce.
Each setting has trade-offs. Hospital work may be fast-paced and medically complex, while outpatient care may allow longer counseling relationships. Long-term care can offer autonomy and consistent schedules, while private practice offers flexibility but requires business skills. Telehealth may improve work-life balance for some professionals, but it also requires comfort with digital tools and remote communication.
Specializations and Career Growth Opportunities
Specialization is one way to strengthen clinical nutrition career prospects and increase earning potential. Employers often value depth of knowledge, especially in settings where nutrition care is highly protocol-driven or medically complex. Common specializations include diabetes care, renal nutrition, oncology nutrition, gerontological nutrition, pediatric nutrition, gastrointestinal nutrition, cardiovascular nutrition, and nutrition support.
Become a member of the InnerBuddies community
Perform a gut microbiome test every couple of months and view your progress while following-up on our recommendations
Several professional certifications can signal advanced expertise, such as Certified Diabetes Care and Education Specialist, Board Certified Specialist in Renal Nutrition, Board Certified Specialist in Oncology Nutrition, and Board Certified Specialist in Gerontological Nutrition. Certification requirements vary, and credentials are not a substitute for experience, but they can help candidates stand out.
Career growth can also come through leadership. Clinical nutrition managers oversee staff, budgets, quality improvement, and nutrition care policies. Directors of nutrition may work in larger health systems or long-term care organizations. Other advancement paths include teaching, research, public health leadership, telehealth program development, and private consulting.
Specialization should usually follow a foundation of general clinical experience. New graduates often benefit from broad practice before narrowing their focus. That broader experience helps professionals recognize when a patient’s needs fall outside their scope and when to refer to another clinician.
Challenges and Considerations in the Field
A balanced career guide should acknowledge challenges as well as opportunities. Clinical nutrition can be rewarding, but it is not the right fit for everyone. The education path is long, internships can be competitive, and salaries do not always match the level of training required.
Burnout is a real concern in healthcare. Clinical dietitians may manage heavy caseloads, complex documentation, emotionally demanding conversations, and limited time for patient education. They may also face slow reimbursement processes, limited resources, and the frustration of seeing patients struggle with social and economic barriers that nutrition counseling alone cannot solve.
Regional variation is another consideration. Some areas have many dietitians and few openings; others struggle to recruit. Rural and underserved communities may offer opportunities, but they may also have fewer specialty services. Professionals who are willing to relocate, work in less popular settings, or develop telehealth skills may find more options.
Finally, the field requires continuous learning. Nutrition science evolves, regulations change, and misinformation spreads quickly. Professionals need to read critically, follow evidence-based practice, and communicate uncertainty without losing public trust. For readers considering the career, this is both a challenge and an opportunity: those who commit to lifelong learning can build a meaningful and respected practice.
How to Stand Out in the Job Market
Aspiring clinical nutrition professionals can improve their competitiveness by planning early and building a portfolio of practical skills. Strong grades matter, but they are not enough on their own. Employers look for evidence of clinical judgment, communication, teamwork, and reliability.
- Gain healthcare experience early: Volunteer in hospitals, community clinics, food assistance programs, or long-term care settings to understand the work environment.
- Build clinical skills: Seek exposure to medical nutrition therapy, nutrition support, laboratory interpretation, medical documentation, and interdisciplinary rounds.
- Practice counseling and education: Dietitians spend much of their time explaining complex information. Role-play difficult conversations and learn behavior-change techniques.
- Develop telehealth and digital skills: Learn secure communication, remote documentation, and how to engage patients in virtual care.
- Network professionally: Join dietetic associations, attend conferences, and connect with dietitians in settings that interest you.
- Consider a niche: Renal, oncology, diabetes, geriatrics, and nutrition support experience can make you more competitive.
- Stay evidence-based: Be prepared to explain what the evidence supports and where uncertainty remains. If you discuss emerging topics such as personalized microbiome analysis, be clear that microbiome testing is educational, not diagnostic.
- Tailor your resume: Highlight supervised practice, clinical rotations, certifications, software skills, languages, and measurable outcomes.
Soft skills matter more than many candidates expect. Empathy, active listening, clear writing, cultural humility, and teamwork can distinguish a competent dietitian from an excellent one. In clinical settings, the ability to build trust with patients and colleagues is often as important as scientific knowledge.
Key Takeaways
- Clinical nutrition demand is generally positive, with BLS projecting 7% growth for dietitians and nutritionists from 2022 to 2032.
- The field is supported by chronic disease prevalence, aging populations, preventive care, telehealth, and greater public interest in nutrition.
- Registered dietitian nutritionists require specific education, supervised practice, a national exam, and often state licensure.
- A master’s degree is required for eligibility for the RD exam beginning in 2024, so planning for graduate education is important.
- Median pay for dietitians and nutritionists was $69,680 in May 2022, with higher earnings possible through specialization, management, and private practice.
- Clinical dietitian job prospects vary by region, setting, and credential; rural and underserved areas may have less competition.
- Specializations such as renal, oncology, diabetes, and geriatric nutrition can improve career opportunities and earning potential.
- Challenges include competitive internships, burnout, moderate early-career salaries, and the need for continuous learning.
- Emerging areas such as personalized nutrition and microbiome science are evolving and should be interpreted with appropriate caution.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is clinical nutrition in demand?
Yes, clinical nutrition demand is generally positive. The BLS projects 7% growth for dietitians and nutritionists from 2022 to 2032, with about 5,600 openings each year. Demand is strongest for credentialed professionals who can work in hospitals, long-term care, outpatient clinics, dialysis centers, and telehealth programs.
Is nutrition a good field to get into?
Nutrition can be a good field for people who are interested in science, healthcare, counseling, and behavior change. It offers diverse work settings and the chance to help people manage chronic conditions. It also requires significant education, supervised practice, and a realistic understanding of salary and job competition.
What are the qualifications required to become a nutritionist?
Qualifications vary by state and by the title used. For a registered dietitian nutritionist, the pathway typically includes an accredited degree, supervised practice, a national examination, and state licensure where required. Beginning in 2024, a master’s degree is required for RD exam eligibility.
Can I make $100,000 as a dietitian?
Yes, it is possible, though it is not typical for entry-level clinical roles. Dietitians may exceed $100,000 through specialization, management, private practice, consulting, digital health roles, or working in higher-paying regions. Advanced certifications and business skills can also increase earning potential.
2-minute self-check Is a gut microbiome test useful for you? Answer a few quick questions and find out if a microbiome test is actually useful for you. ✔ Takes 2 minutes ✔ Based on your symptoms & lifestyle ✔ Clear yes/no recommendation Check if a test is right for me →How long does it take to become a clinical dietitian?
The timeline varies, but it often takes at least six years after high school when a master’s degree and supervised practice are included. Some students complete combined programs or coordinated pathways that shorten the sequence. Internship availability, program requirements, and state licensure rules can affect the total time.
What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?
A registered dietitian nutritionist has completed specific accredited education, supervised practice, and a national exam. The title “nutritionist” is less standardized and may or may not require licensure depending on the state. Clinical roles in healthcare settings commonly require the RD credential.
What are the 10 importances of nutrition?
Nutrition is important for maintaining a healthy weight, reducing chronic disease risk, supporting immune function, improving energy levels, supporting mental health, promoting healthy aging, managing digestive health, supporting pregnancy and childhood development, improving athletic performance, and preventing nutritional deficiencies. These areas are interconnected, and individual needs vary.
Is clinical nutrition a good career for career changers?
It can be, but career changers should plan carefully. The RD pathway requires accredited coursework, supervised practice, and often a master’s degree. Career changers may need to complete prerequisite science courses before applying to dietetic programs. Talking with practicing dietitians and reviewing program requirements can help clarify the commitment.
What settings employ clinical nutrition professionals?
Clinical nutrition professionals work in hospitals, outpatient clinics, long-term care facilities, dialysis centers, home health agencies, public health programs, telehealth companies, research institutions, and private practice. Each setting has different patient populations, schedules, and skill requirements.
How is telehealth affecting clinical nutrition demand?
Telehealth is expanding access to nutrition care and creating remote roles for dietitians. It can reach people in rural areas, those with transportation barriers, and patients who prefer virtual appointments. Professionals need to understand licensure rules, privacy requirements, and how to assess patients without in-person measurements.
What are the biggest challenges in clinical nutrition careers?
Challenges include competitive internships, the cost and time required for education, burnout in healthcare settings, uneven reimbursement, regional variation in demand, and the need to keep up with evolving evidence. A realistic understanding of these issues helps readers decide whether the career fits their goals.
What is the future of clinical nutrition?
The future of clinical nutrition likely includes continued demand for chronic disease management, older adult care, telehealth, and personalized approaches. Emerging science, including gut microbiome research, may add new tools and questions, but clinical practice will still depend on evidence-based assessment, professional judgment, and responsible communication.
Conclusion
Clinical nutrition demand is supported by durable healthcare trends: chronic disease, an aging population, preventive care, telehealth, and public interest in nutrition. The BLS projects steady growth for dietitians and nutritionists, and credentialed professionals will likely find the strongest opportunities in hospitals, long-term care, outpatient clinics, dialysis, and emerging digital care settings.
The career is not without challenges. Education is lengthy, internships can be competitive, salaries vary, and burnout is a real concern. Individual circumstances matter, including location, financial capacity, and willingness to pursue graduate education. Symptoms or personal health concerns should always be evaluated by qualified clinicians; a career guide cannot substitute for personalized medical advice.
For those who enjoy science, counseling, and healthcare teamwork, clinical nutrition can be a meaningful path. Emerging areas such as personalized nutrition and microbiome research may add context to future practice, but they should be interpreted carefully. Measuring and understanding individual factors can support education, yet no test replaces comprehensive clinical assessment or professional care.
Keywords
clinical nutrition demand, demand for clinical nutritionists, clinical nutrition career outlook, is clinical nutrition a good career, clinical dietitian job prospects, registered dietitian, clinical dietitian, nutritionist, employment growth, job outlook, salary, chronic disease, preventive care, healthcare, telehealth, medical nutrition therapy, education requirements, licensure, certification, Bureau of Labor Statistics, nutrition workforce, public health nutrition, career opportunities, work setting, specialization, diabetes, kidney disease, elderly nutrition, childhood obesity, wellness programs, nutrition misinformation, evidence-based practice, professional demand, future of nutrition, personalized nutrition, gut microbiome