Unlocking the Amazonian Microbiome: Surprising Secrets of Rainforest Microbes That Shape Our World


The Remarkable Amazonian Microbiome

Scientists are uncovering secrets within the Amazonian microbiome, the diverse community of microbes native to indigenous tribes. This unique ecosystem, largely untouched by modern diets and antibiotics, holds a staggering diversity of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms. Research suggests it represents a benchmark for human gut health, offering a window into our co-evolution with microbes before industrialization.

Why This Diverse Gut Flora Matters

The composition of the Amazonian gut microbiome is linked to remarkable health traits observed in these communities, including low rates of chronic inflammatory diseases, allergies, and obesity. The key factors appear to be a lifelong fiber-rich diet and constant environmental exposure, which foster a resilient and balanced microbial network. This contrasts sharply with the less diverse microbiomes typical in industrialized societies.

Studying this microbiome provides crucial clues about the functions we may have lost. It highlights the importance of microbial diversity for immune regulation, metabolism, and overall well-being. By understanding what constitutes a robust, ancestral gut ecosystem, we can better identify deficiencies in our own.

Applying Ancient Insights to Modern Health

You don't have to live in the rainforest to nurture your gut ecology. Insights from the Amazonian microbiome underscore the value of dietary variety, fermented foods, and high-fiber intake. For those curious about their own microbial makeup, a comprehensive gut microbiome test can reveal your personal diversity levels and guide targeted improvements.

True gut health is a journey, not a snapshot. Consider a gut microbiome test subscription for longitudinal testing to track how your lifestyle changes impact your microbial community over time. Furthermore, this profound research is fueling innovation in the wellness industry. Businesses can leverage these insights through our B2B gut microbiome platform to develop data-driven health solutions.

The immense biodiversity of the Amazon rainforest is a marvel of nature, but its true secret lies beneath the surface. This article explores the Amazonian microbiome, the complex community of microorganisms that sustains the rainforest and holds surprising parallels for human health. We will delve into why this vast microbial ecosystem matters on a global scale, from influencing Earth's climate to offering insights into our own gut health. You will learn how the principles of ecological balance observed in nature can illuminate the workings of your own gut microbiome, providing a scientific foundation for making more informed decisions about your well-being, including when a deeper look through microbiome testing might be a logical next step.

Introduction to the Amazonian Microbiome

The Amazonian Microbiome: Defining the Term and Why Rainforest Microbes Matter for Global Health

When we think of the Amazon, we picture towering trees, vibrant birds, and rushing rivers. Yet, the true engine of this ecosystem is invisible to the naked eye: the Amazonian microbiome. This term refers to the collective genetic material of all the microorganisms—bacteria, archaea, fungi, and viruses—that inhabit the soil, water, and surfaces of the rainforest. This microbial network is fundamental to planetary health, driving nutrient cycling, regulating the atmosphere, and maintaining ecological resilience. Just as these microbes are essential for a thriving rainforest, the microbes within our own bodies, particularly in the gut, are critical for our personal health. Studying the Amazonian microbiome provides a powerful analogy for understanding the importance of diversity, balance, and interdependence within our own internal ecosystems.

From Curiosity to Diagnostic Awareness: Guiding Readers Toward Microbiome Testing as a Relevant Next Step

Understanding the complex world of microbes often begins with curiosity about nature. This curiosity can naturally extend to our own bodies. Many people experience digestive discomfort, low energy, or other vague symptoms without a clear explanation. While the rainforest analogy is informative, translating these principles to personal health requires personalized data. This is where awareness of gut microbiome testing becomes relevant. Instead of guessing based on symptoms alone, testing offers a scientific snapshot of your unique gut microbial community, helping to move from general principles to personalized insight.

What You’ll Gain: A Clear Path from Informational Insight to Personalized Gut-Health Decisions

This article aims to provide a clear path. You will first gain a foundational understanding of microbial ecology, using the Amazon as a grand example. Then, we will connect these concepts directly to your gut health, explaining the role of your microbiome in digestion, immunity, and beyond. Finally, we will explore how modern science allows you to look inside this hidden world, empowering you with knowledge. The goal is to equip you to make more informed decisions, whether through dietary adjustments, lifestyle changes, or, for those seeking deeper understanding, by considering a detailed analysis of their personal gut microbiome.

Core Explanation of the Topic

What is the Amazonian Microbiome? Rainforest Microbes, Ecological Diversity, and Cross-Talk with Human Biology

The Amazonian microbiome is not a single entity but a hyper-diverse metropolis of microscopic life. Each gram of soil contains thousands of different bacterial species, each playing a specialized role, from decomposing leaf litter to fixing nitrogen for plants. This incredible diversity creates a resilient and stable system. The "cross-talk" with human biology refers to the fact that many principles governing the Amazon's ecology—such as the need for diversity to fight off invasive species (pathogens) or the importance of certain microbes for processing nutrients—directly mirror the functions of the human gut microbiome. We are only beginning to understand how molecules produced by rainforest microbes might influence human cellular processes, a field of study with potential implications for future medicine.

Key Concepts You’ll Need: Microbiome vs. Microbiota, Diversity, Balance, Dysbiosis, Functional Potential

To navigate this topic, a few key terms are essential:

  • Microbiota: The actual community of microorganisms living in a specific environment, like your gut.
  • Microbiome: The collective genetic material of those microorganisms, representing their functional potential.
  • Diversity: The variety of different microbial species present. Higher diversity is generally associated with a more resilient ecosystem.
  • Balance: A state where beneficial and potentially harmful microbes coexist without any one group dominating detrimentally.
  • Dysbiosis: An imbalance in the microbial community, often linked to a loss of diversity and an overgrowth of less desirable microbes.
  • Functional Potential: The sum of all biochemical functions the microbiome is capable of performing, which is more important than just a list of species names.

How Rainforest Microbiomes Illuminate Universal Principles of Gut Ecology and Health

The rainforest serves as a perfect metaphor. A healthy rainforest thrives on a wide variety of species each contributing to the whole; similarly, a healthy gut relies on high microbial diversity. In the rainforest, a disturbance like deforestation can lead to soil erosion and loss of nutrients; in the gut, a disturbance like a course of antibiotics or a poor diet can lead to dysbiosis, potentially affecting overall health. By studying how stability is maintained in vast, natural ecosystems like the Amazon, scientists can better understand the fundamental rules that keep our personal gut ecosystems healthy and resilient.

Why This Topic Matters for Gut Health

The Gut Microbiome as a Central Regulator of Digestion, Immunity, Metabolism, and Overall Well-Being

Your gut microbiome is not a passive passenger; it's an active organ involved in crucial bodily functions. It assists in digesting complex carbohydrates, producing essential vitamins like B and K, and training your immune system to distinguish between friend and foe. It also influences metabolic processes and even produces neurotransmitters that can affect your mood and brain function. In essence, a well-balanced gut microbiome is a cornerstone of overall well-being.

How Patterns Seen in the Amazonian Microbiome Mirror or Inform Everyday Gut-Health Principles

The patterns are strikingly similar. The Amazon depends on microbial networks to break down organic matter and release nutrients; your gut microbes break down dietary fiber into short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) that nourish your gut lining and reduce inflammation. A diverse rainforest is more resistant to disease and drought; a diverse gut microbiome is more resistant to pathogens and the negative effects of a poor diet. This analogy reinforces simple but powerful gut-health principles: nourish your microbial garden with a variety of fibrous foods (prebiotics) and avoid practices that unnecessarily harm beneficial species.

Implications for Long-Term Health Outcomes Beyond the Gut (Inflammation, Energy, Mood)

The impact of the gut microbiome extends far beyond digestion. Through complex communication pathways like the gut-brain axis and its influence on the immune system, the state of your gut microbes can have systemic effects. An imbalanced microbiome has been associated with low-grade chronic inflammation, which is a known risk factor for many long-term health conditions. It can also affect energy levels through nutrient extraction and mitochondrial function, and influence mood and cognitive health via the production of neurotransmitters and other signaling molecules.

Related Symptoms, Signals, or Health Implications

Digestive Signals: Bloating, Gas, Irregular Bowel Habits, Abdominal Discomfort, IBS-Like Symptoms

The most direct signals of a potential gut microbiome imbalance are often digestive. These can include frequent bloating, excessive gas, constipation, diarrhea, or general abdominal discomfort. Many individuals with conditions like Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) are found to have alterations in their gut microbiome composition, suggesting a strong link between microbial ecology and gut function.

Systemic Signals: Fatigue, Sleep Quality, Skin Health, Inflammatory Markers, Mood and Cognition

Less obvious are the systemic signals. Persistent fatigue, unexplained skin issues like eczema, poor sleep quality, and fluctuations in mood or "brain fog" can sometimes be connected to gut health. This is because the metabolic outputs of your gut microbes enter your bloodstream and can influence physiological processes throughout your body.

Interpreting Signals: When Symptoms May Reflect Microbiome Shifts Rather Than Isolated Issues

It is crucial to interpret these signals carefully. Symptoms like fatigue or bloating are non-specific and can have many causes. However, when standard medical tests return without a clear diagnosis, or when symptoms are chronic and complex, it may indicate that the root issue lies in a functional imbalance—such as a shift in the gut microbiome—rather than a structural disease. This is where looking at the ecosystem as a whole becomes valuable.

Individual Variability and Uncertainty

Factors Shaping Your Unique Microbiome: Genetics, Diet, Geography, Early-Life Exposures, Antibiotic History

No two gut microbiomes are alike, much like no two patches of Amazonian soil contain identical microbial communities. Your unique microbial fingerprint is shaped by your genetics, diet (especially fiber intake), geographic location, whether you were born vaginally or via C-section, breastfeeding history, and your lifetime exposure to medications, particularly antibiotics. This immense variability is why personalized approaches are essential.

Temporal Variability and Resilience: How Quickly the Microbiome Can Change and Why That Matters

The gut microbiome is dynamic, not static. It can change significantly within 24 hours of a major dietary shift. However, core communities tend to be resilient, often returning to their baseline after a short-term disturbance. Long-term lifestyle habits, therefore, have the most profound impact. This plasticity is a double-edged sword: it means negative factors can cause harm, but also that positive interventions can foster beneficial changes.

Embracing Uncertainty: Why the Same Symptom Can Have Different Microbial Drivers Across People

This variability leads to a core principle of microbiome science: the same symptom in two different people may be driven by completely different underlying microbial patterns. One person's bloating might be associated with a lack of certain fiber-fermenting bacteria, while another's could be linked to an overgrowth of methane-producing archaea. This is why a one-size-fits-all approach to gut health often fails and underscores the need for personalized data.

Why Symptoms Alone Do Not Reveal Root Cause

The Gap Between Symptoms and Mechanism: Why Guessing Often Misleads

Symptoms are the body's alarm system, but they don't identify the specific problem. Relying solely on symptoms to address gut health is like trying to fix a car engine by only listening to a strange noise. The noise (symptom) tells you something is wrong, but you need to look under the hood (mechanism) to find the exact faulty part (microbial imbalance). Guessing based on symptoms can lead to ineffective or even counterproductive interventions.

Limitations of Symptom-Based Diagnosis Without Molecular or Functional Context

Many gut-related conditions are diagnosed based on symptom criteria (e.g., Rome Criteria for IBS). While useful for classification, this approach does not provide information about the biological mechanisms at play. Without molecular data revealing which microbes are present and what functions they are performing, managing symptoms can be a process of trial and error.

The Value of Microbiome Data to Move from Guesswork to Mechanistic Understanding

Gut microbiome testing provides that missing mechanistic context. It moves the conversation from "I have bloating" to "My microbiome analysis shows a low abundance of bacteria that produce butyrate, a key anti-inflammatory fatty acid." This shifts the focus from suppressing symptoms to addressing the underlying ecological imbalance, enabling more targeted and potentially more effective strategies.

The Role of the Gut Microbiome in This Topic

The Gut Microbiome as Mediator: Translating Rainforest Microbial Signals Into Human Health Effects

The gut microbiome acts as the mediator between external influences (like diet) and your health. It translates the food you eat into a vast array of bioactive compounds. In this way, it functions similarly to the Amazonian microbiome, which translates decaying plant matter into forest-nourishing nutrients. The health of this internal microbial community determines how effectively your body extracts energy, regulates inflammation, and communicates with other organ systems.

Core Mechanisms at Play: Microbial Metabolites (e.g., Short-Chain Fatty Acids), Bile Acid Modulation, and Immune Signaling

The primary mechanisms through which the gut microbiome exerts its effects include:

  • Production of Metabolites: Beneficial bacteria ferment dietary fiber to produce SCFAs like butyrate, acetate, and propionate, which have anti-inflammatory properties and nourish the gut lining.
  • Bile Acid Metabolism: Gut microbes modify bile acids, which in turn influence fat digestion, cholesterol metabolism, and hormonal signaling.
  • Immune System Interaction: The microbiome constantly interacts with immune cells in the gut wall, helping to educate the immune system and maintain a balanced inflammatory response.

The Gut-Brain Axis and Systemic Health: How Microbiome Activity Can Influence Mood, Energy, and Cognition

The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication network linking the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system of the gut. Gut microbes produce neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, GABA) and other metabolites that can signal the brain via the vagus nerve and bloodstream. This is a key pathway through which the gut microbiome can influence stress responses, mood, cognitive clarity, and overall energy levels.

How Microbiome Imbalances May Contribute

Dysbiosis Patterns Associated With Symptom Clusters and Disease Risk

Research has begun to identify patterns of dysbiosis associated with certain conditions. For example, a reduction in overall diversity and a decrease in specific SCFA-producing bacteria (like Faecalibacterium prausnitzii) are commonly observed in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Other patterns may be associated with metabolic syndrome, allergies, and neurological conditions, though these relationships are complex and still being unraveled.

Functional Shifts That Matter: Reduced Beneficial Metabolites, Increased Pro-Inflammatory Pathways

It's often the functional shift, not just the change in species, that matters most. Dysbiosis can lead to a reduction in the production of beneficial compounds like SCFAs and an increase in the production of potentially harmful substances like lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which can trigger inflammation. This functional imbalance is a key mediator between an altered microbial community and negative health outcomes.

The Importance of Context: The Same Imbalance Can Have Different Health Impacts Across Individuals

Due to individual genetic makeup, immune status, and overall lifestyle, the same microbial imbalance may manifest differently in different people. One person's microbiome might be resilient enough to compensate for a minor shift, while another person's might not, leading to symptoms. This again highlights why personalized assessment is critical.

How Gut Microbiome Testing Provides Insight

Testing Options Overview: 16S Rrna Sequencing, Shotgun Metagenomics, Targeted Panels, Metabolomics

Several technologies are used to analyze the gut microbiome:

  • 16S rRNA Sequencing: Identifies the types of bacteria present at a broad level (genus), providing a good overview of community structure.
  • Shotgun Metagenomics: Sequences all the genetic material in a sample, allowing for species-level identification and insight into functional genes.
  • Metabolomics: Measures the small molecules (metabolites) actually produced by the microbiome, providing a direct readout of functional activity.

What Each Test Measures: Taxonomy, Functional Potential, Gene Families, Microbial Metabolites

In simple terms, 16S tells you "who is there," shotgun metagenomics tells you "who is there and what they are potentially capable of doing," and metabolomics tells you "what they are actually producing." Each provides a different layer of insight into the gut ecosystem.

Practical Considerations: Sample Collection, Lab Quality, Turnaround Times, Cost, and Interpretation

At-home testing kits typically involve collecting a small stool sample and mailing it to a certified laboratory. Key considerations include the laboratory's quality controls, the technology used, the clarity of the results report, and the availability of resources to help interpret the findings. Services like a gut health membership can provide longitudinal tracking and professional support to help understand results over time.

How to Use Test Results: Collaborating With Clinicians to Translate Data Into Actionable Steps

The most effective use of microbiome testing is as a collaborative tool. Sharing your results with a knowledgeable healthcare practitioner can help create a personalized plan. This plan may include targeted dietary changes (increasing specific fibers), considering specific probiotic strains, or lifestyle modifications, all based on the unique patterns revealed in your microbiome analysis.

What a Microbiome Test Can Reveal in This Context

Baseline Ecosystem Status: Diversity, Stability, Resilience, and Dominant vs. Minority Taxa

A test provides a baseline assessment of your gut ecosystem. It can measure your microbial diversity, indicate the balance between different bacterial groups, and identify if any potentially problematic microbes are overrepresented. This is like getting a biodiversity report for your personal "Amazon."

Functional Insights: Potential Metabolic Capabilities and Inflammatory Signaling Potential

Advanced testing can reveal the potential of your microbiome to produce beneficial substances like SCFAs or vitamins, or conversely, to activate inflammatory pathways. This functional insight is more actionable than a simple list of bacteria names.

Personalization Avenues: Diet Adaptations, Targeted Prebiotics/Probiotics, and Lifestyle Tweaks

This data enables personalization. For instance, if a test shows low levels of butyrate-producing bacteria, you might focus on increasing resistant starch and other specific prebiotic fibers that feed those particular microbes, rather than taking a generic probiotic.

Integrating Results With Symptom Tracking for Measurable Progress

The real power comes from integrating test data with a symptom journal. By tracking how specific dietary changes affect both your microbial markers (upon re-testing) and your symptoms, you can objectively measure progress and refine your approach, moving towards a healthier, more resilient gut ecosystem. This iterative process is a core benefit of a longitudinal testing approach.

Who Should Consider Testing

Individuals With Persistent Gut Symptoms Not Fully Explained by Standard Tests

If you experience chronic bloating, gas, abdominal pain, or irregular bowel habits that have not been diagnosed by conventional medical tests, microbiome analysis can offer additional clues.

People With Autoimmune, Inflammatory, Metabolic Concerns, or Unexplained Fatigue

Those managing conditions like autoimmune diseases, persistent low-grade inflammation, metabolic issues, or chronic fatigue may find value in understanding the gut microbiome's role, as it is often a contributing factor.

Those With Antibiotic Exposure, Travel, or Major Dietary/Lifestyle Shifts Affecting the Microbiome

A significant history of antibiotic use, extensive travel, or major changes in diet can disrupt the microbiome. Testing can help assess the impact and guide restoration efforts.

Wellness Enthusiasts Seeking Precision Insights, with the Understanding Testing Complements But Does Not Replace Medical Care

For individuals interested in optimizing their health through data, microbiome testing provides a deep level of insight. It is crucial to remember that it is an educational tool to inform lifestyle choices and should complement, not replace, professional medical advice for diagnosing or treating diseases.

Decision-Support Section (When Testing Makes Sense)

Decision Triggers: Chronic or Complex Symptoms, Treatment-Resistant Cases, Strong Family History of GI or Immune Issues

Consider exploring microbiome testing if you have: symptoms that are chronic (lasting months or years), complex (involving multiple systems like gut, skin, and mood), or resistant to standard treatments. A strong family history of gut or immune-related conditions can also be a trigger to gain a deeper understanding of your personal risk factors.

How to Prepare for Testing: Selecting Reputable Labs, Choosing Appropriate Sample Types, Timing Considerations, and Clinician Involvement

Before testing, research laboratories that use high-quality sequencing methods and provide clear, evidence-based reports. Follow sample collection instructions carefully, as timing relative to diet, medication, or illness can affect results. Involving a clinician from the start, perhaps through a partnered healthcare platform, can ensure the results are interpreted within the full context of your health.

Acting on Results: Setting Realistic Goals, Creating a Plan (Diet, Prebiotics/Probiotics, Lifestyle), and Scheduling Follow-Up or Re-Testing

View microbiome testing as the beginning of a journey, not a destination. Set realistic goals, such as improving diversity or increasing a specific beneficial metabolite over 3-6 months. Create a structured plan based on the results and work with a professional to implement it. Follow-up testing is highly recommended to assess the effectiveness of your interventions and adjust your strategy accordingly.

Clear Concluding Section Connecting the Topic to Understanding One's Personal Gut Microbiome

Synthesis: Symptom Signals Plus Microbiome Data Create a More Complete Map of Gut Health

The journey of understanding begins with the grand scale of the Amazonian microbiome and brings us to the intimate ecosystem within ourselves. While symptoms provide important signals, they are only one piece of the puzzle. Combining symptom awareness with detailed microbiome data creates a far more complete and actionable map of your gut health, moving you from guesswork to knowledge.

Practical Next Steps to Begin Exploring Your Amazonian Microbiome Today

You can start today by adopting gut-friendly habits: increase the diversity of plants in your diet, manage stress, and prioritize sleep. For those ready for a deeper dive, exploring reputable microbiome testing services can be the next logical step towards personalized insight.

Resources and Pathways on InnerBuddies for Education, Clinician Guidance, and Testing Options

InnerBuddies is committed to providing educational resources and access to advanced tools for understanding your gut microbiome. We believe that empowered with knowledge, you can make more informed decisions to nurture your internal ecosystem, just as we strive to protect the magnificent microbial worlds in nature.

Key Takeaways

  • The Amazonian microbiome is a hyper-diverse ecological network whose principles of balance and resilience directly mirror those of the human gut microbiome.
  • Your gut microbiome is a central regulator of digestion, immunity, metabolism, and even mood through complex mechanisms like the gut-brain axis.
  • Symptoms like bloating, fatigue, or skin issues can be signals of a gut microbiome imbalance, but they are non-specific and do not reveal the root cause.
  • Individual microbiome composition is highly unique, influenced by diet, genetics, environment, and medication history, making personalized insight crucial.
  • Gut microbiome testing provides a scientific snapshot of your microbial community, revealing diversity, key species, and functional potential.
  • This data helps move beyond guesswork, enabling targeted dietary, probiotic, and lifestyle interventions tailored to your specific needs.
  • Microbiome testing is particularly valuable for individuals with chronic, unexplained symptoms or those seeking a precision approach to wellness.
  • Effective use of testing involves collaborating with healthcare professionals and tracking changes over time to measure progress.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: How is the Amazonian microbiome different from the human gut microbiome?
While both are complex microbial communities, the Amazonian microbiome exists in an external environment (soil, water, plants), whereas the human gut microbiome is an internal ecosystem. However, they operate on similar ecological principles, such as the importance of diversity for stability and health.

Q2: Can I improve my gut microbiome by eating foods from the Amazon?
The benefit comes from the principles, not the specific geography. Eating a diverse array of fibrous plants—akin to the plant diversity in a rainforest—is what nourishes a diverse gut microbiome. It's the variety and type of fiber that matters most, not the specific origin of the food.

Q3: If my gut microbiome is imbalanced, is it permanently damaged?
Generally, no. The gut microbiome is resilient and plastic, meaning it can change over time. With consistent, positive dietary and lifestyle interventions, it is possible to shift the community towards a healthier, more balanced state.

Q4: Are probiotic supplements necessary for a healthy gut?
Not necessarily for everyone. For some individuals with specific imbalances, targeted probiotics can be helpful. However, for general health, focusing on a prebiotic-rich diet (to feed your existing good bacteria) is often more foundational and effective than supplementing with probiotics.

Q5: How accurate are at-home gut microbiome tests?
Reputable tests using validated sequencing technologies (like 16S or shotgun metagenomics) provide a scientifically accurate snapshot of the microbial communities present in your sample at the time of collection. The interpretation of what those findings mean for your health is an evolving science.

Q6: Will a microbiome test diagnose a specific disease?
No. Microbiome tests are not diagnostic tools for specific diseases. They are intended to provide insight into the composition and function of your gut ecosystem, which can be used to inform lifestyle choices and discussions with your healthcare provider.

Q7: How often should I retest my gut microbiome?
This depends on your goals. If you are making significant dietary or lifestyle changes, retesting every 3-6 months can help you track progress. For general monitoring, once a year may be sufficient. Longitudinal tracking can provide the most valuable insights.

Q8: Can the gut microbiome affect weight?
Yes, research suggests the gut microbiome can influence metabolism, energy extraction from food, and fat storage. Certain microbial profiles are associated with leanness, while others are associated with obesity, though this is a complex interaction with diet and genetics.

Q9: What is the single best food for the gut microbiome?
There is no single "best" food. The key is diversity. Aim to consume a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. Different fibers feed different bacteria, so variety is crucial for a diverse microbiome.

Q10: How does stress impact the gut microbiome?
Chronic stress can negatively alter the gut microbiome by reducing microbial diversity and weakening the gut barrier, potentially leading to inflammation. This is a key pathway in the gut-brain axis.

Keywords: Amazonian Microbiome, Gut Microbiome, Microbiome Testing, Dysbiosis, Microbial Diversity, Gut-Brain Axis, Short-Chain Fatty Acids, Personalized Nutrition, Gut Health, Microbiota